Comparación de la efectividad antimicrobiana entre hipoclorito de sodio 2, 5% y ácido hipocloroso 5% frente a Enterococcus faecalis: prueba in vitro / Comparison of antimicrobial effectiveness between sodium hypochlorite 2.5% and hypochlorous acid 5% against Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro test

La terapia endodóntica tiene como uno de sus objetivos lograr la completa desinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares. Por esto, se deben seleccionar sustancias irrigantes que tengan la capacidad de eliminar todo el contenido de dicho sistema. La acción antimicrobiana es una de las características más importantes a tener en cuenta en la elección. El hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) tiene capacidad bactericida sobre muchos de los microorganismos de la flora endodóntica. El Enterococcus faecalis es una bacteria altamente resistente a antibacterianos que sobrevive en condiciones extremas. El ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) es una molécula derivada del NaOCl que ha demostrado tener alto poder bactericida sobre cepas patogénicas bucales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar y comparar la efectividad antimicrobiana in vitro del NaOCl 2.5% y el HOCl al 5% frente a Enterococcus faecalis. Una suspensión de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), de turbidez 0.5 en escala de McFarland, fue inoculada en varios tubos de ensayo, los cuales contenían cada antimicrobiano. Se dejaron actuar durante 1, 5 y 10 minutos para luego neutralizarlos e inclubarlos a 37º C en condiciones de capnofilia durante 48 hs. Todo el procedimiento se realizó por quintuplicado. Los resultados se midieron mediante recuento de UFC/ml. No se evidenció presencia de Enterococcus faecalis en las placas que contenían la solución de NaOCl al 2.5% como tampoco en aquellas que contenían HOCl al 5%. In vitro, el HOCl y el NaOCl en las concentraciones probadas, eliminaron completamente las cepas de Enterococcus faecalis (AU)

Comparación de desinfección de diferentes marcas de punta de gutapercha con hipoclorito de sodio / Comparison of disinfection of different brands of gutta-percha tip with sodium hypochlorite

En la terapia endodóncica uno de los principales objetivos es eliminar y prevenir la infección o reinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares y/o los tejidos perirradiculares. Los materiales de obturación utilizados podrían introducir microorganismos a este sistema previamente desinfectado e impedir el éxito del tratamiento. Diversos estudios han demostrado que los conos de gutapercha pueden estar contaminados al ser tomados directamente del empaque, aún sellado y recién abierto. Objetivo: Comparación del grado de desinfección de tres marcas diferentes de puntas de gutapercha. Material y métodos: Es un estudio experimental, comparativo, observacional y de corte transversal. En el cual se analizarán tres marcas diferentes de gutaperchas #35 (Maillefer, Hygienic y Meta-Biomed) para saber qué desinfección hay con el hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) al 5.25%. Se llevó a cabo el análisis descriptivo para determinar medidas de tendencia central y medidas de dispersión mediante la prueba estadística de ANOVA p ≤ 0.05. Conclusión: De acuerdo con los resultados de nuestro estudio no se encontró diferencia significativa sobre la marca de gutapercha y el grado de descontaminación después de un minuto de ser sumergidas en hipoclorito de sodio al 5.25% (AU)

In endodontic therapy one of the main objectives is to eliminate and prevent infection or reinfection of the root canal system and/or periradicular tissues. The sealing materials used could introduce microorganisms to this previously disinfected system and impede the success of the treatment. Several studies have shown that gutta-percha cones can be contaminated by being taken directly from the package, still sealed and newly opened. Objective: Comparison of the degree of disinfection of 3 different brands of gutta-percha points. Material and methods: It is an experimental, comparative, observational and cross-sectional study. Where 3 different brands of gutta percha # 35 (Maillefer, Hygienic and Meta-Biomed) will be analyzed to know what disinfection there is with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 5.25%. The descriptive analysis was carried out to determine measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion through the statistical test of ANOVA p ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: According to the results of our study there is no significant difference on the gutta-percha brand and its decontamination at the moment of being submerged in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (AU)

Túneles de desinfección peatonal pulverizadores de ozono y otros desinfectantes para disminuir la propagación del SARS-CoV-2 / Pedestrian disinfection tunnels, ozone sprays and other disinfectants to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2

INTRODUCCIÓN: Queda mucho por aprender sobre el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) que causa la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Según lo que se sabe actualmente sobre el virus y sobre coronavirus similares que causan SARS y MERS, la propagación de persona a persona ocurre con mayor frecuencia entre contactos cercanos (dentro de aproximadamente 2 metros) a través de gotitas respiratorias generadas por una persona infectada al toser o estornudar (CDC 2020). La transmisión también puede ocurrir de forma indirecta por contacto con superficies que se encuentran en el entorno inmediato de una persona infectada o con objetos que esta haya utilizado (OMS 2020b). La transmisión del coronavirus en general ocurre mucho más comúnmente a través de gotitas respiratorias que a través de fómites (CDC 2020). Por otro lado, se ha reportado que el SARS-CoV-2 puede permanecer viable durante horas o días en superficies hechas de una variedad de materiales. En ese sentido, la desinfección de superficies es considerada una buena práctica para la prevención de COVID-19 y otras enfermedades respiratorias virales en entornos comunitarios (CDC 2020). Sin embargo, en países como China, México y Argentina se han visto imágenes en donde los desinfectantes son rociados directamente a las personas cuando estas pasan a través de túneles instalados en lugares públicos de alto tránsito, como entradas a mercados, edificios administrativos u hospitales. Esta medida ha sido cuestionada ya que el desinfectante usado en estos túneles puede causar irritación en las personas, así como daño en la piel y los ojos (Neustaeter 2020). El túnel de desinfección peatonal consiste en un sistema de aspersores que rocían al peatón un desinfectante con el fin de desinfectar la ropa. Cada persona debe permanecer en el interior del túnel unos pocos segundos con las manos en alto para permitir que la mezcla sanitizante llegue a la mayoría de las partes del cuerpo (Infobae 2020). Dentro de los desinfectantes utilizados se encuentran el amonio cuaternario, el ozono, el ácido hipocloroso, el alcohol, soluciones de hipoclorito, catalizadores orgánicos, entre otros (Minsalud 2020). El uso de esta innovación tecnológica ha sido propuesto por algunas personas como una medida sanitaria adicional a las ya establecidas (distanciamiento físico, uso de mascarillas, lavado de mano) para reducir el contagio del SARS-CoV-2 en lugares públicos de alta concurrencia. Actualmente, esta propuesta se ha difundido de manera mediática captando el interés de diversas instituciones para su posible incorporación. Al respecto, la Dirección General de Salud Ambiental del Perú (DIGESA), con fecha 16 de abril de 2020, realizó un pronunciamiento desalentando el uso de túneles desinfectantes para evitar la transmisión de COVID-19. En esta nota se enfatiza que no existe evidencia científica de que los túneles desinfectantes sean efectivos para impedir la transmisión del virus, y que por el contrario, los desinfectantes dispersados sobre los peatones podrían ser dañinos para la salud e incluso aumentar el riesgo de dispersión del SARS-CoV-2. También se señala que toda desinfección para evitar la transmisión de COVID-19 se debe realizar sobre superficies inertes como mesas, pisos o estantes, y no sobre personas (DIGESA 2020). A pesar del pronunciamiento por parte de la DIGESA, el IETSI ha recibido solicitudes de evaluación, en donde se plantea el uso de túneles de desinfección generales y, específicamente, los de ozono. Así, surge la necesidad de conocer el funcionamiento de los túneles de desinfección peatonal pulverizadores de ozono y de otros desinfectantes, así como revisar la literatura pertinente a esta tecnología para evaluar su efectividad y seguridad para disminuir la propagación del SARS-CoV-2. MÉTODOS: Primero, se realizó una búsqueda manual de guías, reportes técnicos o recomendaciones para la desinfección en el contexto del COVID-19, en las páginas web de diversas sociedades y gobiernos alrededor del mundo, tales como World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), el Gobierno de Canadá, el Gobierno de Reino Unido, el Gobierno de Australia, el Gobierno de España, el Gobierno de Colombia, entre otros. Segundo, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de guías o revisiones que brindaran recomendaciones con relación a la tecnología de interés utilizando la base de datos MEDLINE vía PubMed. La estrategia de búsqueda fue la siguiente: (sanitation[tiab] OR disinfect*[tiab]) AND (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR Coronavirus OR SARS) (144 ítems). Tercero, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de estudios que evaluaran la efectividad y seguridad de los túneles de desinfección peatonal de ozono utilizando la base de datos MEDLINE vía PubMed, utilizando la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: ozone AND (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR Coronavirus OR SARS) (10 ítems). Finalmente, se buscaron estudios adicionales que pudiesen haber escapado a las búsquedas con una estrategia de bola de nieve mediante la revisión de las listas de referencias de las publicaciones que sean de relevancia. RESULTADOS: Se identificó una guía técnica elaborada por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección de Colombia que evaluó el uso de sistemas de aspersión de productos desinfectantes sobre personas para la prevención de la trasmisión de COVID-19. También se identificó recomendaciones relacionadas al tema en las páginas web de la OMS y la EPA. CONCLUSIONES: No se recomienda el uso de túneles de desinfección peatonal pulverizadores de ozono u de otros desinfectantes ya que no se cuenta con evidencia científica sobre su efectividad para disminuir la propagación del COVID-19. Además, el uso de estos sistemas podría causar potenciales daños en la salud de las personas, como irritación de los ojos y de las vías respiratorias. De acuerdo a la información publicada por agencias regulatorias internacionales como la EPA, aún si el ozono se utilizara en concentraciones que no excedieran los estándares de salud pública, estos no eliminarían eficazmente los virus. Para el caso de túneles que utilizan otros agentes desinfectantes como soluciones de hipoclorito de sodio o alcohol, algunas instituciones ya han emitido pronunciamientos en contra del uso de estas tecnologías debido a la falta de evidencia que sustente su uso y al elevado riesgo de daño al peatón. Otros expertos señalan que el uso de túneles de desinfección podría tener un efecto opuesto al esperado, ya que la falsa sensación de seguridad por parte de los peatones podría hacer que estos disminuyan las medidas eficaces para disminuir el contagio del COVID19 como el distanciamiento social y el lavado de manos. Finalmente, a nivel mundial, el ozono y demás desinfectantes no están autorizados por ninguna autoridad de salud para su aplicación directa sobre humanos.

Establishment of optimal disinfection condition of weak acid hypochlorous solution for prevention of avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission / 대한수의학회지

This study examined the disinfection conditions (exposure time, 0–30 min; exposure temperature, 4℃–65℃) of hypochlorous acid water (HOCl) in automobile disinfection equipment. The study tested poliovirus type 1 (PV1), low pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV, H9N2), and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV, O type). As a result, the PV1 and FMD viruses were inactivated easily (virus titer 4 log value) by HOCl (> 100 ppm) but the AIV required higher exposure temperatures (> 55℃). In conclusion, the exposure temperature and time are important factors in deactivating AIV and FMDV.

Discoloration and radiopacity of white mineral trioxide aggregate with various radiopacifiers / 대한치과재료학회지

The use of the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been expanded as the material can be applied on various treatment of endodontic care, which also has many advantages including bioactivity. Still, the discolorations of the materials have been presented as a concern related to esthetic appearances, which is caused by the presence of radiopacifiers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the color stability and radiopacity of white MTA with various radiopacifiers. Four different radiopacifiers [bismuth oxide (BM), calcium tungstate (CT), barium oxide (BO), and zirconium oxide (ZO)] were used. The radiopacity was tested according to ISO 6876, and the color change before and after immersing in a 5% hypochlorite solution was tested using a spectrophotometer. The group with no radiopacifier (NR) was used as a negative control and ProRoot MTA (PR) was used as the commercial control. The immersion of the PR and BM in sodium hypochlorite resulted in a dark brown discoloration, in which the values were higher than the rest of the group (p0.05). In terms of the radiopacity, the NR showed the lowest value as expected (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the BM showed the highest value (p<0.05), followed by PR and BO (p<0.05). The NR showed the lowest radiopacity values. The result of this study will be useful for future development of MTA that would have clinically adequate radiopacity with minimum discoloration.

Effect of smear layer deproteinization on bonding of self-etch adhesives to dentin: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review was to critically analyze previously published studies of the effects of dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents on the bonding of self-etch (SE) adhesives to dentin. Additionally, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of the above-mentioned surface pretreatment methods on the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was performed using the following databases: Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The online search was performed using the following keywords: ‘dentin’ or ‘hypochlorous acid’ or ‘sodium hypochlorite’ and ‘self-etch adhesive.’ The following categories were excluded during the assessment process: non-English articles, randomized clinical trials, case reports, animal studies, and review articles. The reviewed studies were subjected to meta-analysis to quantify the effect of the application time and concentration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) deproteinizing agents on bonding to dentin. RESULTS: Only 9 laboratory studies fit the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the pooled average microtensile bond strength values to dentin pre-treated with deproteinizing agents (15.71 MPa) was significantly lower than those of the non-treated control group (20.94 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: In light of the currently available scientific evidence, dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents does not enhance the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin. The HOCl deproteinizing agent exhibited minimal adverse effects on bonding to dentin in comparison with NaOCl solutions.

Biocidal Effect of Hypochlorous Acid Solution, Neolox against Pathogenic Microorganisms

OBJECTIVE: Disinfection/sterilization of hospital devices prevents the occurrence of several infections; therefore, disinfectants are essential for public health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocidal effect of a hypochlorous acid solution. METHODS: Hypochlorous acid solution, Neolox (Neo Chemical, Paju, Korea) obtained from Purester (Morinaga Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) was used. Antimicrobial activity of the solution against bacteria, yeasts, and mycobacteria at different exposure times (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes) was evaluated. RESULTS: All strains of bacteria and yeasts showed a 5-log10 reduction within 30 seconds of exposure to the solution, and mycobacteria showed the same reduction within 2 minutes. CONCLUSION: Hypochlorous acid solution has been widely used as a disinfectant in recent years. Neolox can be used as an effective intermediate- to high-level disinfectant for hospital infection control.

Ácido hipocloroso: una nueva alternativa como agente antimicrobiano y para la proliferación celular para uso en odontología / Hypochlorous acid: a new alternative as antimicrobial agent and for cell proliferation for use in dentistry

El ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) es un potente antimicrobiano no antibiótico utilizado en medicina clínica para el control de infecciones y reparación de heridas. In vivo el HOCl es sintetizado por células del sistema inmune para el control del agente patógeno durante la fagocitosis y ha sido sintetizado y estabilizado en el laboratorio con potenciales aplicaciones profilácticas y terapéuticas en medicina humana. El efecto antimicrobiano, antinflamatorio y en la proliferación celular lo hacen una sustancia que debe ser más evaluada para uso clínico en otras áreas de salud. Existe un interés en el desarrollo de nuevas sustancias antimicrobianas de uso tópico en odontología para el control del biofilm dental, la inflamación gingival y para la cicatrización de heridas de la mucosa oral. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura de los principales efectos del HOCl que sustentan su investigación y uso en odontología.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful non antibiotic antimicrobial solution used in clinical medicine for infection control and wound healing. In vivo HOCl is produced by cells of the immune system to control the pathogen during phagocytosis and has been synthesized and stabilized in the laboratory with potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications in human medicine. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cell proliferation effect make it a substance to be evaluated in other health areas. There is interest to development of new antimicrobial substances for use in oral health for the control of dental biofilm, gingival inflammation and wound healing of the oral mucosa. A review of the literature of the main effects of HOCl that support its research and use in dentistry is presented.

Viability and Effects on Bacterial Proteins by Oral Rinses with Hypochlorous Acid as Active Ingredient

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) rinses and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bacterial viability of S. mutans, A. israelii, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. corrodens, C. rectus, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae. The percentage of live bacteria was tested by fluorescence method using Live/Dead kit(r) and BacLight (Molecular Probes(r)) and compared between groups by the Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction (p value<0.012). The effect of HOCl and CHX on total proteins of P. gingivalis and S. mutans was determined by SDS-PAGE. CHX showed a higher efficacy than HOCl against S. mutans, A. israelii, E. corrodens and E. cloacae (p<0.001) while HOCl was more effective than CHX against P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. rectus and K. oxytoca (p=0.001). CHX and HOCl had similar efficacy against K. pneumoniae. Proteins of P. gingivalis and S. mutans were affected similarly by HOCl and CHX. HOCl reduced the bacterial viability especially in periodontopathic bacteria, which may support its use in the control of subgingival biofilm in periodontal patients.

Resumo: Este estudo investigou o efeito de enxaguantes à base de ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) e clorexidina (CHX) sobre a viabilidade bacteriana de S. mutans, A. israelii, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. corrodens, C. rectus, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae e E. cloacae. O percentual de bactérias sobreviventes foi testado pelo método de fluorescência utilizando Live/Dead kit(r) e BacLight (Molecular Probes(r)), fazendo comparação entre os grupos com os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e U Mann-Whitney e correção de Bonferroni (p<0,012). O efeito de HOCl e CHX sobre P. gingivalis e S. mutans foi determinado por SDS-PAGE. O CHX mostrou eficácia superior ao HOCl contra S. mutans, A. israelii, E. corrodens e E. cloacae (p<0,001), ao passo que P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. rectus e K. oxytoca foram melhores que o CHX para o HOCl (p=0,001). O K. pneumoniae teve efeito similar para o CHX e para o HOCl. As proteínas de P. gingivalis e S. mutans foram afetadas de modo semelhante por CHX e HOCl. O HOCl reduziu a viabilidade bacterial, especialmente nas bactérias periodontopáticas, o que pode recomendar o uso no controle do biofilme subgingival em pacientes periodentais.

Evaluation of the effects of two novel irrigants on intraradicular dentine erosion, debris and smear layer removal

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic acid (Poly[AA-co-MA]) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) on root canal dentin using scanning electron microscope (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four single-rooted teeth were instrumented and the apical and coronal thirds of each root were removed, leaving the 5 mm middle thirds, which were then separated into two pieces longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups and subjected to each irrigant for 5 min as follows: G1, Ca(OCl)2; G2, Poly(AA-co-MA); G3, Ca(OCl)2 + Poly(AA-co-MA); G4, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G5, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); G6, NaOCl+EDTA. The specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation. Smear layer, debris and erosion scores were recorded by two blinded examiners. One image from G3 was analyzed with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on suspicion of precipitate formation. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. RESULTS: G1 and G4 showed the presence of debris and smear layer and they were statistically different from G2, G3, G5 and G6 where debris and smear layer were totally removed (p < 0.05). In G1 and G4, erosion evaluation could not be done because of debris and smear layer. G2, G3 and G5 showed no erosion, and there was no significant difference between them. G6 showed severe erosion and was statistically different from G2, G3 and G5 (p < 0.05). EDS microanalysis showed the presence of Na, P, and Ca elements on the surface. CONCLUSIONS: Poly(AA-co-MA) is effective in removing the smear layer and debris without causing erosion either alone or with Ca(OCl)2.

The use of Hypochlorous Acid as a Model for Investigating Bladder Overactivity

Involuntary detrusor contractions play an important role in the development of urge incontinence. Also in an in-vitro situation contractions which develop spontaneously can be seen; a parallel with the in vivo observations is likely. In order to study this muscle overactivity we investigated the possibility to induce this phenomenon with oxidative stress using hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Materials and Methods Urinary bladder muscle strips from pigs were mounted in a custom made organ bath and incubated for 20 minutes in Krebs solution. Next HOCl (10µM) was added to the organ bath and the onset of overactive contractions was closely followed. Overactivity was defined as a development of more than 5 phasic detrusor contractions per minute without any other provocation in the 30 minutes following addition of HOCl to the organ bath. Results Of the 50 strips which were used 36 (72%) became overactive after exposure to HOCl during 30 minutes recording. In 76% of the overactive strips overactivity occurred within 5 minutes, in 19% between 5 and 15 minutes, and in 5% it took longer than 15 minutes. The overactivity could be stopped by washing out HOCl for 10 minutes after which still a significant contraction after EFS and ACh stimulation was seen. Conclusions It can be concluded that an oxidative stressor, like HOCl, is capable of inducing smooth muscle overactivity. This model can be used for the development and testing of new treatment modalities for the overactive detrusor. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for a causal relationship between oxidative stress and detrusor overactivity. .

Activity of disinfectants against foodborne pathogens in suspension and adhered to stainless steel surfaces

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of various disinfectants on planktonic cells and biofilm cells of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Numbers of viable biofilm cells decreased after treatment with all tested disinfectants (iodine, biguanide, quaternary ammonium compounds, peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite). Sodium hypochlorite was the most effective disinfectant against biofilm cells, while biguanide was the least effective. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that cells adhered on stainless steel surface after treatment with the disinfectants. No viable planktonic cells were observed after treatment with the same disinfectants. Based on our findings, we concluded that biofilm cells might be more resistant to disinfectants than plancktonic cells.

Evaluating the efficiency of lettuce disinfection according to the official protocol in Iran

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Sanitization of Lettuce according to the protocols set forth by Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education for reducing populations of total coliform, fecal coliform, and helminth eggs present on lettuce. In the present study, we determined the load of total coliform, fecal coliform, and parasites of lettuce. The lettuce was sanitized by protocol of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The protocol consists of 3 levels to disinfect the fruits and vegetables. The procedure was as follows: first washing stage. The leaves of leafy vegetables washed with tap water, second stage, separation of helminth eggs by 3 to 5 droplets of detergent per liter for 5 min; third stage, disinfection of vegetables by calcium hypochlorite solution [with 200 mg/1 free chlorine] for 5 min; and finally the disinfected vegetables were washed with tap water. The average initial levels of total coliform and fecal coliform in the samples were 3.36 Iog[10]cfu/g and 2.31 log[10]cfu/g, respectively. Helminth eggs were not detected in any of the samples tested. The efficiency of total coliform and fecal coliform removal were 78.1% [0.75 Iog[10]cfu/g] and 79.6% [0.67 Iog[10]cfu/g], respectively, after washing. This increased up to 94.8[1.44 Iog[10]cfu/g] and 98.5% [1.90 log[10]cfu/g] after the use of detergent. Chlorine disinfection rose these amounts up to 98.3% [2.18 Iog[10]cfu/g] and 100% [2.31 Iog[10]cfu/g], respectively. By applying the protocol large parts of microorganisms existing on lettuce have indeed been removed

Proteomic Analysis of Thiol-active Proteins of Helicobacter pylori 26695

Helicobacter pylori are a capnophilic bacterium, which colonize gastric mucosa and are resistant to acidic and oxidative damage. Thiol-active proteins subserve redox functions in tolerating oxidative stress and environmental toxicants, such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. We analyzed disulfide-containing proteins of H. pylori strain 26695. Active disulfide-containing proteins were separated by thiol-affinity chromatography, displayed with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. Thirty-five putative disulfide proteins, including AhpC (HP1563), GroEL (HP0011), and FrdB (HP0191), were identified in this study. In addition, 4 disulfide proteins of HypB, FusA, TufB, and AhpC showed enhanced intensities in the periplasmic space when compared with the pellet, suggesting that these proteins might play roles in the first redox system against environmental oxidative stresses. Disulfide-containing proteins identified in this study will provide the standard landscape for constructing the proteome components responsible for redox regulation of H. pylori.

Efecto micobactericida del ácido hipocloroso en tres especies ambientales potencialmente patógenas y en Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Mycobactericidal effect of hypochlorous acid in three potentially pathogenic environmental species and in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto micobactericida del ácido hipocloroso siguiendo las normas internacionales de desarrollo de nuevos desinfectantes. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la efectividad del ácido hipocloroso en Mycobacterium chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. intracellulare y M. tuberculosis en diferentes concentraciones en cuatro intervalos de tiempo, a 225 ppm, 450 ppm, 750 ppm y 1.500 ppm, durante 5, 10, 15 y 20 minutos. Las pruebas desarrolladas fueron: exposición directa al desinfectante en condiciones limpias, exposición con interferencia (condiciones sucias), exposición en superficies en condiciones limpias y prueba de corrosión del desinfectante. Resultados. Todas las concentraciones evaluadas del ácido hipocloroso en condiciones limpias, es decir, en exposición directa y en superficies, resultaron ser efectivas durante todos los intervalos de tiempo, mientras que para la prueba con interferencia, fue necesario aumentar el tiempo, la concentración o ambos para tener, al menos, un 99,9 % de efectividad del desinfectante sobre la concentración bacteriana usada; estos resultados probablemente dependieron de la reducción de la concentración del ácido hipocloroso, causada por la interferencia con albúmina y de la resistencia intrínseca de cada especie micobacteriana. Conclusiones. El ácido hipocloroso es 100 % efectivo en todos los intervalos de tiempo y a todas las concentraciones evaluadas en condiciones limpias, y demostró ser efectivo después de lavados que arrastren con la mayoría de materia orgánica en una superficie, debido a que, en condiciones sucias, sólo es efectivo con las concentraciones más altas (900 y 1.500 ppm) y en tiempos mayores de 15 minutos.

Objective: to evaluate the mycobactericidal effect of hypochlorous acid according to the international standards for the development of new disinfectants. Materials and methods: the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid in M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. intracellulare and M. tuberculosis was evaluated at different disinfectant concentrations in 4 time intervals, at 225 ppm, 450 ppm, 750 ppm and 1500 ppm for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The main tests Results: all concentrations of hypochlorous acid tested in clean conditions, i.e. in direct exposure and in surfaces, were found to be effective at all the time intervals, while for the test with interference it was necessary to increase the time and/or concentration of the disinfectant for it to be at least 99.9% effective in the bacterial concentration used; these results were likely due to the reduction of acid concentration caused by the albumin used as interference and the intrinsic resistance of each mycobacterial species. Conclusions: hypochlorous acid is 100% effective in clean conditions at all the time intervals and in all the concentrations tested, proving to be effective after performing washes that drag away most organic matter on a surface, as in contaminated conditions its effectiveness is reduced to just higher disinfectant concentrations (900 and 1500 ppm) and times longer than 15 minutes.

The Symptom Improvement of Adjunctive Hypochlorous Acid Nasal Cavity Irrigation in Post-Surgically Intractable Chronic Sinusitis / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Low concentration hypochlorous acid is known for being an endogenous anti-bacterial and anti-viral agent. Saline irrigation has been used as an adjunctive treatment for patients with chronic sinusitis. In this study, we tried to compare the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid and saline nasal irrigation to patients with intractable sinusitis after surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 35 patients who had a frequent relapse of chronic sinusitis or had persisting symptoms post-surgically were recruited. The experimental group was given hypochlorous acid and saline nasal irrigation, while the control group was given saline nasal irrigation for eight weeks. The curative effects were assessed on the basis of the symptom score, nasal endoscopic score, bacterial culture, and inflammatory cytokines on the first day, fourth week, and eighth week after treatment. RESULTS: A total of 26 participants were assessed. The study finally consisted of 15 patients in experimental group and 11 in the control group. The symptom scores in the experimental group were substantially lower before, and after four and eight weeks of treatment. However, there was no specific difference in symptom score improvement between the two groups. The endoscopic score improved in experimental group (p<0.01). Similar tendencies were shown in the bacterial culture test of both groups. In the experimental group, the values of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-1beta decreased in the fourth week, whereas they increased in the eighth week. CONCLUSION: Hypochlorous acid nasal irrigation may be to used as an alternative adjunctive treatment in addition to saline irrigation.

The Safety of Low Concentration Hypochlorous Acid as an Oral Gargle Solution and Its Anti-Microbial Effects / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to evaluate the safety of low concentration hypochlorous acid as an oral gargle solution. To do this, we carried out in vitro and in vivo experiments and evaluated its efficacy by compared with normal saline and chlorhexidine gargle using throat culture before and after gargling. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The authors treated oral mucosal epithelial cell with 3.5 ppm hypochlorous acid and evaluated cytotoxicity. For evaluation of morphological change, oral mucosa specimens were obtained during surgery before 30 minutes and 2 hours after treatment with hypochlorous acid. The specimens were evaluated with light microscopy. For evaluation of efficacy, we performed oral gargle with normal saline, chlorhexidine and hypochlorous acid in 10 healthy volunteers. The throat cultures were performed before and after each gargling. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus oryzae were evaluated semi-quantitatively (Grade 0 to 4). RESULTS: There was no cellular toxicity in MTT assay and the morphological changes were not observed. Both chlorhexidine and hypochlorous acid showed significant decrease of microbes (chlorhexidine: p=0.036, hypochlorous acid: p=0.031). There was no significant differences between them (p=0.217). CONCLUSION: Low concentration hypochlorous acid is safe for the oral mucosal epithelium and has antimicrobial efficacy similar to that of chlorhexidine.

Effect of aquatine endodontic cleanser on smear layer removal in the root canals of ex vivo human teeth

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the root canal cleanliness and smear layer removal effectiveness of Aquatine Endodontic Cleanser (Aquatine EC) when used as an endodontic irrigating solution in comparison with 6 percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five human teeth were randomly allocated to five treatment groups; the pulp chamber was accessed, cleaned, and shaped by using ProTaper and ProFile rotary instrumentation to an ISO size #40. The teeth were then processed for scanning electron microscopy, and the root canal cleanliness and removal of smear layer were examined. RESULTS: The most effective removal of smear layer occurred with Aquatine EC and NaOCl, both with a rinse of EDTA. CONCLUSIONS: Aquatine EC appears to be the first hypochlorous acid approved by the FDA to be a possible alternative to the use of NaOCl as an intracanal irrigant. Further research is needed to identify safer and more effective alternatives to the use of NaOCl irrigation in endodontics.

[ effect of collagen removal on the microleakage of four single-component adhesive system in class V composite restorations]

The role of collagen fibers in dentin adhesion and hybrid layer has not clearly been established. This study evaluated the effect of collagen removal on the microleakage of four single bottle adhesive systems at resin-dentin interfaces by dye penetration technique. This experimental study was performed on 144 class V cavities prepared in buccal and lingual surfaces of human premolar teeth at the cemento-enamel junction with the cervical margin in dentin or cementum and the occlusal margin in enamel. The cavities were etched with 36% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, rinsed and divided into 8 groups. In 4 groups the cavities were filled with a composite resin using four different dentin adhesive systems [Single Bond, Excite, One-Step, Prime and Bond NT]. In the other 4 groups the acid etched cavities were treated with a 5.25% NaOC1 solution to remove the collagen and restored using the same adhesive system and composite resin. The specimens were thermocycled and stored in distilled water at 24 °C for three months and were immersed in a 10% solution of methylene blue dye for 72 hours. After rinsing, the restorations were sectioned buccolingually and assessed under an optical stereomicroscope. Microleakage was scored by two independent observers. The data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison tests. Collagen removal resulted in a significant decrease of microleakage for One-Step and an increase or Excite at cervical margin [P<0.001] but did not reduce the microleakage at cervical margins for Prime and bond NT and Single Bond group. Except collagen removal, microleakage of class V composite restoration depends on the type of bonding system which can be related to fillers, functional monomers or solvent of adhesive systems

Indole ring oxidation by activated leukocytes prevents the production of hypochlorous acid

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) released by activated leukocytes has been implicated in the tissue damage that characterizes chronic inflammatory diseases. In this investigation, 14 indole derivatives, including metabolites such as melatonin, tryptophan and indole-3-acetic acid, were screened for their ability to inhibit the generation of this endogenous oxidant by stimulated leukocytes. The release of HOCl was measured by the production of taurine-chloramine when the leukocytes (2 x 10(6) cells/mL) were incubated at 37°C in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, for 30 min with 5 mM taurine and stimulated with 100 nM phorbol-12-myristate acetate. Irrespective of the group substituted in the indole ring, all the compounds tested including indole, 2-methylindole, 3-methylindole, 2,3-dimethylindole, 2,5-dimethylindole, 2-phenylindole, 5-methoxyindole, 6-methoxyindole, 5-methoxy-2-methylindole, melatonin, tryptophan, indole-3-acetic acid, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indole-acetic acid, and indomethacin (10 æM) inhibited the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the 23-72 percent range. The compounds 3-methylindole and indole-3-acetic acid were chosen as representative of indole derivatives in a dose-response study using purified MPO. The IC50 obtained were 0.10 ± 0.03 and 5.0 ± 1.0 æM (N = 13), respectively. These compounds did not affect the peroxidation activity of MPO or the production of superoxide anion by stimulated leukocytes. By following the spectral change of MPO during the enzyme turnover, the inhibition of HOCl production can be explained on the basis of the accumulation of the redox form compound-II (MPO-II), which is an inactive chlorinating species. These results show that indole derivatives are effective and selective inhibitors of MPO-chlorinating activity.